INTRODUCTION:

The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 80% of the global population mainly depend on traditional medicine which involve the use of plant extracts or their active constituents. Republic of India is lot of biodiverse country with knowledge of rich ancient traditional medicinal system like (Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Amchi and native health traditions). Large number of plants is used in general healthcare system and further study for research¹.

Tinospora cordifolia belongs to family Menispermaceae. It is substantial used in Ayurvedic medication system. It is woody climbing, glamorous, succulent shrub. Tinospora cardifolia is native to India and also found in Burma and Sri Lanka, Myanmar. It grows well in the tropical region and gain a great height to climb up the trunk of large trees. The stem has gray or creamy white color. It shaped like deeply cleft spirally and longitudinally and have space between spot with giant rosette-like lenticels. The wood is white, soft and porous. Freshly cut gives yellow tint when it exposed to air. Leaves are simple, alternate, long petiolate, chordate, exstipulate in shape showing multicoated reticulate venation. Flowers are small and Unisexual. Male flowers arrange in clusters whereas female flower arrange in solitary. Six sepals organized in two whorls of three each. It has six petals which is arranged in two whorls. Aggregate fruit is red, fleshy with several drupelets on thick stalk with sub terminal style scars².

Tinospora cordifolia is most widely used and important drug of Indian medicinal system which is utilized in medicines since long time ago. The drug is well known to Indian. It is bitter and prescribed in fevers, diabetes, dyspepsia, jaundice, urinary problems, inflammatory, arthritic, skin diseases and chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. It has been also useful in the treatment of heart disease, leprosy, and helminthiasis. The starch obtained from the stem is highly nutritive and digestive and used in many diseases³.

Tinospora cordifolia is a well known medicinal plant in traditional medicinal system and recent scientific studies give ideas about possible use of Tinospora cordifolia in modern medicine. The present review paper is for documentation of medicinal properties of Tinospora cordifolia and for further research in development of effective therapeutic compounds.

Taxonomy:

Kingdom: Plantae – Plants;

Subkingdom: Tracheophyta –Vascular Plants;

Super- division: Spermatophyta-Seed bearing plants;

Division: Magnoliophyta-Flowering;

Class: Magnoliopsia-Dicotiledons;

Subclass: Polypeptalae-Petals are free;

Series: Thalamiflorae-Many stamens and flower hypogynous;

Superorder: Rananculanae;

Order: Ranunculales;

Family: Menispermaceae-The Moonsee family;

Tribe: Tinosporeace;

Genus: Tinospora;

Species: cordifolia;^4-6

Traditional uses:⁷

· In Sushurta Samhita Tinospora cordifolia is used as Maha-jvara (a kind of fever), Aruchi (anorexia), Svasa (asthma) and Kustha (leprosy).

· In Ashtang Hridaya and Charak Samhita Tinospora cordifolia is used as vatrakta (gout), Jvara (fever), Kamala (jaundice).

· In Bhava Prakash Tinospora cordifolia is used as diuretic and potent aphrodisiac, dysentery, jaundice, Chronic diarrhea, Astringent, tonic, diabetes.

· In Dhanvantari Nighantu Tinospora cordifolia is used as piles, curing itching and erysipelas, promoting longevity.

Medicinal use:

Antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer⁸

Anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-osteoporotic, anti-allergic, anti-oxidant, antineoplastic and radioprotective, anti-pyretic, anti-infective, hepatoprotective, anti-hyperglycemic, immunomodulatory, diuretic, cardioprotective, anti-leprotic, gastrointestinal and antiulcer, antifertility, osteoprotective.⁹

Chemical constituent:^10-26

Large number of constituents have been isolated from Tinospora cardifolia plant. These chemical constituents ate obtain from different families like alkaloids, diterpenoid, glycosides, steroids, lactone, phenolics, sesquiterpenoid, polysaccharides and aliphatic compounds.

1. Steam:

· Alkaloid- choline D, Berberine, palmatine D, tetrahydropalmatine, tinosporine, Magnoflorine, isocolumbin, 18-norclerodane glycoside,

· Glycosides include Humanoid diterdifolioside A, cordifolioside B, palmatoside C31, palmatoside F31, cordiofoliside B2, cordifoliside D2, and cordifoliside.

· Sesquiterpenoid like Tinocordifolin.

2. Root:

· Alkaloid like Palmatine is present.

3. Aerial parts:

· Steroids like b-sitosterol, d-sitosterol, g-sitosterol b-hydroxyecdysone, ecdysterone, makisterone, giloinsterol, jateorine, columbin.

4. Whole plant:

· Diterpenoid lactones include tinosporon, columbin, Furanolactone Aliphatic compound like Octacosanol, heptacosanol.

· Miscellaneous compound contains Nonacosan-15-one 3, (a, 4-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-benzyl)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-tetrahydrofuran, Tinosponidine, 6-Cordifelone, 6-Jatrorrhizine, 6-cordifol.

Pharmacological activity:

· Osteoprotective activity:

Tinospora cordifolia when given to rat it show an osteoprotective effect. It shows bone loss in tibiae was slower than that in controls effectively. Serum osteocalcin and cross-laps levels were reduced significantly. This study give idea that extract of Tinospora cordifolia have the active activity for being used as anti-osteoporotic agent²⁷.

· Anti leprotic activity:

Tinospora cordifolia is used for its kushtahara (anti-leprotic) properties, along with wide use in Kandu and visarpa (types of skin disorders) and has been shown to exert antileprotic activity in a combination formulation.²⁸

· Hepatoprotective:

The hepatoprotective action of Tinospora cardifolia was reported in one of the experiment in which goats treated with Tinospora cordifolia have shown significant clinical and hematobiochemical improvement in CCl4 induced hepatopathy. Extract of Tinospora cardifolia exhibited invitro inactivating property against Hepatitis B and E surface antigen in 48-72 Hours.²⁹

· Anti-stress and tonic property:

The anti-stress and tonic property of the plant was clinically tested and it was found that it gives good response in children with moderate degree of behavior disorders and mental difficulties. It significantly improved the I.Q. levels.³⁰

· Anti-inflammatory:

Tinospora cordifolia is used mainly in induced oedema arthritis and human arthritis. In acute and sub-acute models of inflammation dried leaves of Tinospora cordifolia produce anti-inflammatory effect. Tinospora cordifolia show more effect than acetylsalicylic acid. It helps in joint inflammation.³¹

· Antifertility activity:

Oral administration of 70-75% methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia stem to male rats at a dose level of 100 mg/d for 60 days did not cause body weight loss but decreased the weight of testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate in a significant manner.³²

· Antidiabetic activity:

The stem of this plant mainly used to cure diabetes by regulating level of blood glucose³³. It has been reported to act as antidiabetic drug through explanatory oxidative stress, promoting insulin secretion by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. The anti-diabetic effect of these plant is due to the presence of tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, alkaloids (Magnoflorine, Palmetine and Jatrorrhizine).^{34, 35}

· Anti-ulcer activity:

Tinospora cordifolia shows the anti-ulcer activity. It reduce ulcer index total acidity and increase gastric fluid PH in pylorus-ligated rats and in the ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats.³⁶

· Antineoplastic activity:

Tinospora cardifolia shows antineoplastic activity in most on the animal models. Root extract of Tinospora cardifolia show radio protective role due to extensively increase in tissue weight, body weight, and tubular diameter. Dichloromethane extracts of Tinospora cardifolia shows cytotoxic effects which give lipid peroxidation and release of LDH and then decline in GST.³⁷

· Anti-allergic activity:

In a clinical study, 100% relief was reported from sneezing in 83% of the patients on treatment with Tinospora cardifolia. Thus Tinospora cordifolia significantly decreased all symptoms of allergic rhinitis and was well tolerated.³⁸

· Cardioprotective activity:

Tinospora cardifolia gives evidence of cardioprotective activity. Dose-dependent reduction in serum and heart lipid peroxide level and infarct size was observed when we treat it with Tinospora cordifolia in ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial infarction in rats.

· Anti-Microbial Activities:

Methanolic extract of Tinospora cardifolia used against microbial infection³⁹. Antibacterial activity of Tinospora cardifolia extract has been bio assayed against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogene^40,41.

· Antioxidant activity:

Antioxidant activity and amelioration of cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity is shown by Tinospora cordifolia⁴². It shows amelioratic effect in aflotoxicosis of ducks⁴³.

CONCLUSION:

Tinospora cordifolia, the versatile, unique medicinal plant. It is source of various type of versatile compound which have diverse chemical structure. Less amount of data available for biological activity medicinal application of these compound so that these compound need more work and research to exploit their therapeutic utility to combat diseases. A drug development programme should be undertaken to develop modern drugs with the compounds isolated from Tinospora cordifolia. Present review paper highlight the anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antitoxic activity of Tinospora cordifolia and their validation by contemporary researches. From last few years medicinal plant research trend and awareness is increases. Very less significant amount of research done in some past few decades that can show the chemistry of different parts and biological activity of Tinospora cordifolia. Tinospora cordifolia is used in Ayurvedic medicine preparation from centuries, so we require extensive research and development work for Tinospora cordifolia and its products for their better economic and therapeutic utilization. This review can help for further research work and clinical work.

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Received on 25.02.2022 Modified on 19.07.2022

Res. J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochem. 2023; 15(1):87-90.

DOI: 10.52711/0975-4385.2023.00013